CALCA and helminthiasis: To further determine the impact of helminth-infection on TLR signaling, we treated peritoneal macrophages (from normal and helminth-infected mice) with LPS (100 ng/ml) or IL-1β (1 ng/ml) for 1 h and found that the expression of the neutrophil chemoattractant KC was reduced in macrophages isolated from infected mice after LPS-stimulation (Figure 6C).