Further elucidation of the potential mechanism responsible for the observed reduced colonic phagocytic cell infiltration reveals that the induction of bacterial-induced KC expression, one of the major chemoattractants responsible for recruiting neutrophil, is MyD88 dependent (Figure 5) and that helminth co-infection completely abolished such response in MyD88 knockout mice (Figure 5). Here, MYD88 is linked to coinfection.