Regardless of patient origin and suspected etiological factors, genetic changes that are consistently observed in ESCC are as follows: (1) alterations in tumor suppressor genes, specifically p53, resulting in altered DNA replication and repair, cell proliferation, and apoptosis; (2) disruption of the G1/S cell cycle checkpoint and loss of cell cycle control; and (3) alterations in oncogene function resulting in deregulation of cell signaling cascades19,.20 Here, TP53 is linked to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.