PDX-1 is aberrantly overexpressed in a variety of human cancers including pancreatic, gastric, liver, colon, breast, prostate, kidney, lung, and ovarian cancer (Koizumi et al., 2003; Sakai et al., 2004; Wang et al., 2005c; Leys et al., 2006; Miyatsuka et al., 2006; Liu et al., 2007; Jonmarker et al., 2008) and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (Liu et al., 2012; Zhou et al., 2012). Here, PDX1 is linked to cancer.