PDX1 and fetal growth restriction: In addition, PDX-1 is specifically increased in human placentas from intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR) and preeclampsia (PE) + IUGR pregnancies (Buffat et al., 2007) and represses transcriptional activity of the T-box-containing transcription factor TBX15 in a methylation-dependent manner (Chelbi et al., 2011).