MTOR and Parkinson disease: Kinases of the MAPK and PI3K signaling pathways including extracellular signal related protein kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38, protein kinase B (PKB), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) make particularly attractive targets for PD through their ability to coordinate and regulate cell survival, apoptosis, inflammation, and autophagy.