TNF and Huntington disease: We have previously demonstrated a strong association between neurodegeneration, metabolic dysfunction, and circulating inflammatory factors (Johnson et al., 2007; Chadwick et al., 2008; Stranahan et al., 2012), therefore we assessed circulating inflammatory mediators including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), CRP as well as interleukins 1, 6, and 10 (IL-1, IL-6, IL-10) in pre-manifest and manifest HD subjects.