Moreover, PKD phosphorylation on Ser-744/748 was also readily detected in the regenerative AECs lining remodeled fibrotic alveolar septa and/or fibroblast foci in 83% (10 of 12) of IPF subjects; and the alveolar walls grew and expanded towards the regenerative AECs with activated PKDs (Fig. 5, F and F′; Table 1). This evidence concerns the gene PRKD1 and idiopathic interstitial pneumonia.