Infection with the S. Typhimurium wild-type strain SL1344 resulted in a significant increase (7-fold; P<0.01) in luciferase activity compared to mock-infected cells (Fig. 1A), while a derivative of S. Typhimurium SL1344 carrying a mutation in the T3SS-1 apparatus gene invA (SW767) did not elicit NF-κB signaling [20], [30]. Here, NFKB1 is linked to infection.