HIV infection may predispose to SDB either through adenotonsillar hypertrophy, which narrows the airway, [15], [16], but is uncommon since the advent of HAART, or through increased systemic production of somnogenic cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β [6], [48]–[50], which act through neural mechanisms [23]. This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and sleep apnea syndrome.