Our previous studies suggested that insulin use may be associated with some forms of cancer but not all: insulin use is predictive for incidence of [18] but not mortality from [19] non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; it is associated with mortality from but not incidence of bladder cancer [20], [21], liver cancer [22], [23] and pancreatic cancer [24], [25]; and it is neither associated with the incidence of nor the mortality from prostate cancer [26]–[28] and gastric cancer [29], [30]. This evidence concerns the gene INS and liver cancer.