Other indications are subependymal giant cell astrocytoma associated with tuberous sclerosis and progressive neuroendocrine tumors of pancreatic origin.5 Although mTOR inhibitors prolong progression-free survival in patients with advanced RCC, most patients develop resistance to mTOR-inhibiting agents, limiting their efficacy; the new frontier of inhibiting the mTOR pathway is to identify agents targeting the feedback loops and crosstalks with other pathways involved in the acquired resistance to mTOR inhibitors.6 This evidence concerns the gene MTOR and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma).