Hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, advanced glycation end products, and angiotensin II can lead to the occurrence of DN by activating the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, Nrf2-oxidative stress, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is liver dysplastic nodule.