GNAL and cancer: Among the 27 genes, previous studies have reported that 19 genes (PLCG1, PRKACA, PRKACB, PRKACG, PRKCB, PIK3CD, PIK3CG, PIK3R1, C3, IRS4, EP300, CBL, CREBBP, GNAI2, THBS1, CBLB, SERPINE1, PPP3CB, and RASGRF1) play roles in cancer [42], [43], but few studies have addressed the functional roles of the remaining eight mutated genes (PLG, CALML3, PPP3CC, GNAL, ADCY3, ADCY8, ADCY2, and ADCY9).