Consistent with previous reports [28], plasma levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly increased in GDM mothers compared to their non-diabetic controls (6.01±0.6 vs. 4.08±0.4 pg/ml, p<0.01 and 5.25±0.6 pg/ml vs. 3.57±0.4 pg/ml, p<0.03, respectively) (Figures 1A & 1B). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and gestational diabetes.