It has been proposed to classify biomarkers in 2 groups, namely, (a) those representing changes in renal function (e.g., serum creatinine or cystatin C and urine flow rate) and (b) those reflecting kidney damage, (e.g., kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), interleukin-18, etc.). The gene discussed is CST3; the disease is Nephropathy.