More recently, investigations on the association of YKL40 with tumour burden and metastatic stage of PCa suggested that the elevated serum level of YKL40 may be a useful biomarker of increased tumour burden and invasiveness in patients with PCa and more informative than prostate-specific antigen (PSA) for predicting tumour burden and metastasis (Ozdemir et al. 2012). This evidence concerns the gene CHI3L1 and posterior cortical atrophy.