SMAD3 and prostate cancer: Results showed that the anti-androgens, bicalutamide and enzalutamide, suppressed prostate cancer cell growth and yet significantly enhanced prostate cancer cell invasion through enhancement of the TGF-β1/Smad3/MMP-9 pathway; whereas the newer anti-AR compounds, ASC-J9 and cryptotanshinone suppressed both prostate cancer cell growth and cell invasion in cell culture and in vivo models through down-regulation of MMP-9 expression [103].