TGFB1 and prostate cancer: Treatment of prostate stromal cells with TGF-β moderately increased secretion of pro-MMP-2 protein, while treatment of prostate epithelial cells with TGF-β induced expression and secretion of both MMP-2 and -9, suggesting the critical role of TGF-β contributing to the elevated levels of MMP-2 and -9 observed in prostate cancer [71].