Since we showed above that Influenza production is diminished upon exposure of A(H1N1)pdm09-infected cells to IFN-γ, HIV-1 or HIV-1 gp120 (Figure 1), we next evaluated whether the HIV-1-induced inhibition of influenza replication would be dependent on TLR 2 and/or 4. Here, ITIH4 is linked to influenza.