Indeed, while non-AATD COPD patients are often found to have elevated circulating TNFα concentration [see meta-analysis review, Ref [41]], as seen in our data (Figures 1 and 2), we find no significant evidence of elevated circulating TNFα in AATD COPD individuals - even with greater degree of airway obstruction (Figure 6). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.