TNF and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Post hoc testing revealed TNFα v-a difference was greater in AATD + AUG compared to AATD–AUG and COPD control groups (p < 0.05), along with similar tendency for Healthy subjects (p = 0.0516) (Figure 4).In skeletal muscle, only TNFα was found to exhibit a significant ANOVA main effect (Figure 5).