Expression of all circulating cytokines were significantly greater in non-AATD COPD compared to healthy controls (p < 0.05; Figures 1 and 2), except for venous IL-6 which was not significant (p = 0.099; Figure 2) but displayed a similar trend.In all cases, cytokine concentrations were lower in AATD COPD patients compared to COPD control patients (Figures 1 and 2). The gene discussed is IL6; the disease is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.