INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: This cytokine also played a role in mediating the effects of palm-mac-CM on L6 myoblasts (Samokhvalov et al., 2008), while TNFα is generally well-established as a mediator of IR, as infusion leads to reduced whole body insulin-mediated glucose uptake in humans (Plomgaard et al., 2005), while knockout of TNFα or its receptors protect mice from obesity (Hotamisligil et al., 1994, Uysal et al., 1997).