KRT19 mRNA was higher in NP compared to AF cultures (4- to 70-fold), as were CA12 (1.5- to 3-fold), CD24 (2- to 2.5-fold), FOXF1 (1.9- to 2.3-fold), PAX1 (1.2- to 15-fold) and PTN (2- to 3-fold). This evidence concerns the gene FOXF1 and atrial fibrillation.