TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: Cytokine levels were all significantly elevated in IBD supernatants (IL-1β: 35.4 ± 22.7; IL-6: 598.6 ± 276.3; GM-CSF: 37.5 ± 14.9; TNF-α: 31.5 ± 23.6; IL-8: 3419.3 ± 2083.7 pg/mL; each cytokine vs control, P < .05), with cytokine levels greatest in supernatants generated from CD tissue compared to those of UC [(IL-1β: 8.8 ± 3.6; IL-6: 186.4 ± 32.5; GM-CSF: 15.7 ± 3.0; TNF-α: 6.2 ± 2.1; IL-8: 1040.0 ± 231.2 pg/mL) CD: (IL-1β: 75.7 ± 46.3; IL-6: 1157.0 ± 507.8; GM-CSF: 66.8 ± 27.9; TNF-α: 64.0 ± 54.4; IL-8: 6446.0 ± 4715.0 pg/mL)].