These include an oncolytic vaccinia virus encoding GM-CSF [91], autologous dendritic cells and allogeneic whole tumor cells encoding GM-CSF [92-94], adjuvant GM-CSF following vaccination with peptide or RNA encoding melanoma peptides [95,96] and autologous dendritic cell or whole tumor cell vaccines [97], and GM-CSF DNA vaccines [98]. Here, CSF2 is linked to neoplasm.