TP53 and cancer: The first role consists in sensing and reacting to DNA damage through the ATM/ATR and Chk1/Chk2 kinases, and the second in responding to oncogenic signaling through the p53-stabilizing protein ARF [45].While in most cancers p53 malfunction is determined by p53 mutations, in HPV-associated carcinomas wild-type functional p53 is degraded by E6 oncoprotein.