All CKD patients received antihypertensive treatment in various combinations i.e. angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (n = 12), calcium channel antagonists (n = 12), loop diuretics (n = 11), beta-adrenergic blockers (n = 9), thiazides (n = 7), angiotensin II receptor antagonists (n = 6), potassium sparing diuretics (n = 1) and minoxidil (n = 1). The gene discussed is ACE; the disease is chronic kidney disease.