A phase III trial was the first randomised study to show a survival benefit in patients with metastatic melanoma: ipilimumab (3 mg/kg dose) demonstrated median overall survival of 10 months and 10.1 months when combined with an HLA-A*0201-restricted gp100 vaccine peptide, while gp100 peptide treatment alone showed a median overall survival of 6.4 months (70). Here, PMEL is linked to metastatic melanoma.