In our study, we demonstrate that above-mentioned cognitive performance deficiencies in both vision and non-vision dominant behavioral tests may not rely on severe cortical or hippocampal changes, at least morphological damage, because 2-VO lesion had no appreciable effect on the pathologic changes and the expressions of synaptophysin and PSD-95 in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus (Figure 4A–C), suggesting that significant learning and memory impairment are not associated with the loss of synaptic contacts, and microglia/astrocyte proliferation in the grey matter of 2-VO rats. This evidence concerns the gene SYP and memory impairment.