CD28 and bacterial infectious disease: Fig. 5 shows that ssRNA40 elicited a cytokine profile in intrahepatic MAIT cells similar to that induced upon bacterial infection, but different to those obtained by anti-CD3/CD28-coupled beads or PMA/Ionomycin. MAIT cells exclusively produced IFN-γ without a concomitant major production of TNF-α (Fig. 5) or IL-17A (not shown) when stimulated with ssRNA40 or bacteria.