Interestingly, NNK can simultaneously stimulate Bcl2 phosphorylation exclusively at S70 and c-Myc phosphorylation at Thr58 and S62 through activation of both ERK1/2 and PKCα [47], which facilitates a functional cooperation between Bcl2 and c-Myc leading to enhanced survival, proliferation, and chemoresistance of human lung cancer cells. Here, MAPK3 is linked to lung carcinoma.