Based on the above studies, a Phase I clinical trial is evaluating the cell-based vaccine composed of irradiated tumor cells transduced with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and CD40-ligand (CD40L) genes, called the GM.CD40L vaccine, in the presence or absence of CCL21 in patients with lung cancer [58]. Here, CD40LG is linked to neoplasm.