CXCR4 and autoimmune disease: Also, CXCR4 is intensively studied in different autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and autoimmune disorders of the central nerve system as multiple sclerosis, for its involvement in leukocyte chemotaxis in specific inflammatory conditions (Debnath et al., 2013; Domanska et al., 2013).