DHX9 and infection: The innate immune response to infection takes place through cellular recognition of double-stranded RNA replication intermediates by a family of RNA helicases (9, 10), including protein kinase R, which phosphorylates initiation factor eIF2 to arrest translation and promotes stress granule formation (11), RNA helicase A, which can pair with MAVS/IPS-1 (12) and also activate NF-κB (13), and importantly, RIG-I and MDA-5, which transduce the signal for interferon production (14, 15).