Notably, the findings of the present study are supported by our previous studies examining polymorphisms within the pro-inflammatory cytokine gene, TNFA. In these studies we found that for both the TNFA −308 G>A [17,18] and −238 G>A polymorphisms [19], the pro-inflammatory −308 A allele and the −238 A allele were associated with obesity risk and adiposity in black, but not white SA women. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.