TGFBR2 and meningoencephalocele: Two additional studies in mice demonstrated that the conditional inactivation of TGFBR2 specifically in mesoderm-derived cells results in defects in the supraoccipital bone and C1 vertebra and meningoencephalocele[37], whereas TGFBR2 inactivation in neural crest cells leads to calvaria defects and cleft palate[38].