BNIP3 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: The obesity-related activation of autophagy-lysosome system, together with the upregulation of Bnip3, an important gene for the selective removal of damaged mitochondria via autophagy (mitophagy) implies that this system may play an additional role in buffering mitochondrial dysfunction to limit ROS production and in inducing muscle atrophy [44].