Because BV and T. vaginalis co-infections are so prevalent in C. trachomatis infected women (Koumans et al., 2007; Sutton et al., 2007), the role they play in supplementing local tryptophan, compromising IFNγ-mediated immunity and aiding establishment of chronic infections is also critical (Caldwell et al., 2003; Aiyar et al., 2014). Here, IFNG is linked to coinfection.