Consistent with the notion that the HF diet elicits an antioxidant response (37, 39), mRNA levels for the cystine/glutamate antiporter Slc7a11 and the Gclc and Gclm subunits, which together catalyze the rate-limiting step in glutathione synthesis, were increased in HF-fed Nrf2+/+ livers (Fig. 9A). Here, GCLM is linked to hydrops fetalis.