Finally, in the development of blood- or urine-based markers for upper tract urothelial carcinoma, C-reactive protein, Cytokeratin 19 fragment (CYFRA21-1), and humoral factors (alkaline phosphatase and white blood cell counts) have been identified to be able to independently predict overall survival in cancer patients [43], [44], [45]. Here, CRP is linked to renal pelvis/ureter urothelial carcinoma.