SPP1 and urothelial carcinoma: Indeed, a wide range of tissue-based biomarkers have been reported and evaluated for their potential application as urothelial carcinomas prognostic indicators, such as molecules that regulate cell cycle (e.g. p53, p21, pRb, p27, cyclin D1 and cyclin E1), apoptosis (e.g. survivin, Bcl-2, osteopontin, bax, caspase-3), cell growth and signal transduction (e.g. HER-2, NF-kB, EGFR, beta-catenin, galectin-3, RAS-MAPK), cell migration and invasion (e.g. MMPs), and angiogenesis (e.g. vasohibin-1, VEGF, TSP-1) (reviewed in [7], [8]).