VEGFA and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: Futrakul et al. demonstrated that enhanced CEC level, elevated transforming growth factor beta, and depleted vascular endothelial growth factor were observed in patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), and they presumed that the increased endothelial cell loss may be due to the elevated transforming growth factor beta, which can induce apoptosis of podocyte as well as tubular epithelium [76].