More recently, emerging evidence suggest that CEC have been developed as a sensitive and specific marker for assessing endothelial damage in both renal [15, 61] and nonrenal [62] patient groups and can be closely related to other indices of endothelial dysfunction, such as plasma von Willebrand factor (vWf), tissue factor, IL-6, and impaired FMD [62, 63]. This evidence concerns the gene VWF and endothelial dysfunction.