The signal from TGFβ, via the AR, played a critical role in the deregulation of TGFβ signaling in prostate and/or liver tumorigenesis, and those TGFβ effectors (Smads 3 and 4) serving as negative regulators of AR-mediated transcription in cancer cells have been established by several investigations [28]. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is cancer.