For instance, the Hedgehog [38-40], Notch [41], and Nodal/Activin [26] pathways have been identified as having a role in the maintenance of pancreatic CSCs/CSLCs, for which pharmacological agents modulating their activities are already available for use and have shown therapeutic effects in preclinical models of pancreatic cancer. The gene discussed is NODAL; the disease is familial pancreatic carcinoma.