NOD2 and Cowden disease: The first susceptibility gene for CD was identified in 2001 [3], [4], initially named NOD2 and later renamed CARD15. Although mutations in CARD15 are strongly associated with CD in populations of European descent [3], [4], disease-associated NOD2/CARD15 mutations are absent in Asian (Japanese, Korean, Chinese, Singaporean, and Taiwanese) CD populations and healthy controls [5]–[9].