Some viruses such as coxakievirus B3 [59] and hepatitis C virus [60] are known to upregulate CD1d expression and activate iNKT cells while others evade iNKT cell recognition by downregulating CD1d, such as Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpes virus [61], herpes simplex virus type 1 [62], HIV type 1 [63], [64] and human papilloma virus [65]. The gene discussed is CD1D; the disease is sarcoma.