Of the many BMP ligands and receptors, Bmp2, Bmpr2 and Acvr1 have been previously shown to play important roles in endometrial function, with both early implantation (Bmp2 and Acvr1) and mid-gestational (Bmpr2) defects, some reminiscent of human intrauterine growth restriction [45], [53], [54]. Here, ACVR1 is linked to fetal growth restriction.