Taken together, these data imply that CACNA1C risk allele effects may be valuable for some aspects of cognition, but harmful for others; an interpretation that fits with an evolutionary view of mood disorder (Akiskal and Akiskal 2005) and disease-associated genes as having both adaptive and nonadaptive value depending on context (Crespi et al. 2007; Tennessen and Akey 2011). This evidence concerns the gene CACNA1C and mood disorder.