In addition, both TNFα (median −15.5% (interquartile range −30.8 to −4.8%) versus −1.6% (−18.3 to 25.8); P = 0.07) and GM-CSF (median −19.9% (interquartile range −28.0 to −1.7%) versus 6.7% (−23.5 to 33.8%); P = 0.11) showed trends toward a higher differential response in TD controls compared children with FXS approaching statistical significance. Here, TNF is linked to fragile X syndrome.