Furthermore, the results showing that the high expression of LCN2 in human ICC specimen, the decreased proliferation and migration of SNU308 cells after LCN2 knockdown, and the 1α,25(OH)2D3-induced antiproliferative effect and VDR-dependent downregulation of LCN2 in SNU1079 cells, strongly suggest LCN2 may be a new target against human CCA. Here, VDR is linked to cholangiocarcinoma.