In conclusion, type 2 DN is an inflammatory disease and nuclear NF-κB p65 expression and NF-κB p65 mRNA in ex vivo isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells well correlates with urinary MCP-1/Cr, RANTES/Cr and the severity of type 2 diabetic nephropathy, suggesting that systemic inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 DN. This evidence concerns the gene CCL5 and type 2 diabetes nephropathy.