Given that recent studies have suggested that isoflurane may induce neuroinflammation which may be associated with cognitive impairment [12], [35], [48], we examined with Western blot assays (Fig. 4A) the effects of isoflurane and propofol on the proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-α (Fig. 4B), IL-1β (Fig. 4C) and IL-6 (Fig. 4D), in the cortex at P7. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and Cognitive impairment.