A recent study investigated TGF-β1 and IL-13 signaling in various chronic liver diseases and determined that phospho-Smad3 staining correlated significantly with the fibrotic stage in patients with chronic HBV infection and steatohepatitis, whereas IL-13 positive immunostaining correlated with the fibrotic stage in those with HCV infection and steatosis/steatohepatitis. This evidence concerns the gene IL13 and steatosis.