TNF and neoplasm: Although a former study showed that the TLR1/2 agonist increased the release of IL-8 and TNF-α (10), the present results demonstrated that activation of TLR1/2 could induce expression of numerous immunomodulatory factors, including tumor-related genes (c-myc, PTEN, IFN-β and ITGB3), chemokines (CXCL2, CXCL and CCL26), ILs (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-15) and growth factors (MIP-1α and MIP-1β), and only three factors showed decreased expression (CCL28, RANTES and IP10).